Tambayar ko SARS-CoV-2 galibi ana yada ta ne ta hanyar digo ko kuma iskar gas ta kasance mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce. Mun yi ƙoƙarin bayyana wannan takaddama ta hanyar nazarin tarihi kan binciken yaduwar cutar a wasu cututtuka. Ga mafi yawan tarihin ɗan adam, yanayin da ya fi jan hankali shi ne cewa cututtuka da yawa ana ɗauke da su ta iska, sau da yawa a tsawon nisa kuma ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. An ƙalubalanci wannan yanayin miasmatic a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 tare da haɓakar ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma yayin da aka gano cututtuka kamar kwalara, zazzabin puerperal, da zazzabin maleriya suna yaɗa ta wasu hanyoyi. Saboda ra'ayoyinsa kan mahimmancin kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar hulɗa/ɗigon ruwa, da kuma juriyar da ya fuskanta daga sauran tasirin ka'idar miasma, fitaccen jami'in lafiyar jama'a Charles Chapin a shekarar 1910 ya taimaka wajen fara samun nasarar sauyin yanayin, yana mai ganin cewa ba zai yiwu a watsa ta ta iska ba. Wannan sabon yanayin ya zama mafi rinjaye. Duk da haka, rashin fahimtar iskar gas ya haifar da kurakurai na tsari a cikin fassarar shaidar bincike kan hanyoyin watsa cutar. A cikin shekaru hamsin da suka gabata, an ɗauki yaduwar cutar ta iska a matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci ko kuma ƙaramin mahimmanci ga duk manyan cututtukan numfashi, har sai da aka nuna cewa cutar tarin fuka ta yaɗu ta hanyar iska (wanda aka yi zaton cewa digo ne ke yaɗuwa) a shekarar 1962. Tsarin hulɗa/ɗigon ruwa ya ci gaba da mamaye, kuma an yarda da cututtuka kaɗan ne kawai a matsayin waɗanda aka yi ta iska kafin COVID-19: waɗanda aka bayyana a fili cewa an yaɗa su ga mutanen da ba su cikin ɗaki ɗaya ba. Saurin binciken da aka yi ta hanyar fannoni daban-daban wanda annobar COVID-19 ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ya nuna cewa yaduwar cutar ta iska babbar hanya ce ta yaɗuwa ga wannan cuta, kuma yana iya zama mai mahimmanci ga cututtuka da yawa da ke yaɗuwa a numfashi.
Abubuwan da ke Amfani
Tun farkon karni na 20, an sami rashin amincewa da cewa cututtuka suna yaɗuwa ta iska, wanda hakan ya yi illa sosai a lokacin annobar COVID-19. Babban dalilin wannan juriyar yana cikin tarihin fahimtar kimiyya game da yaduwar cututtuka: An yi zaton yaduwar cutar ta iska ta fi yawa a yawancin tarihin ɗan adam, amma ƙarfinta ya yi nisa sosai a farkon karni na 20. Tsawon shekaru da dama, babu wata muhimmiyar cuta da ake tunanin tana yaɗuwa ta iska. Ta hanyar fayyace wannan tarihi da kurakuran da ke cikinta har yanzu suna nan, muna fatan za mu sauƙaƙa ci gaba a wannan fanni a nan gaba.
Annobar COVID-19 ta haifar da muhawara mai zafi kan hanyoyin yaɗa cutar SARS-CoV-2, wadda ta ƙunshi hanyoyi uku: Na farko, tasirin digo-digo "mai feshi" a idanu, hanci, ko baki, waɗanda suka faɗi ƙasa kusa da wanda ya kamu da cutar. Na biyu, ta hanyar taɓawa, ko dai ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye da wanda ya kamu da cutar, ko kuma a kaikaice ta hanyar taɓa wani wuri da ya gurɓata ("fomite"), sannan a yi wa kai allurar riga-kafi ta hanyar taɓa cikin idanu, hanci, ko baki. Na uku, idan aka shaƙa iska, wasu daga cikinsu za su iya kasancewa a cikin iska na tsawon awanni ("watsa iska").1,2
Kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, ciki har da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), sun fara ayyana cewa kwayar cutar tana yaduwa ne a cikin manyan digo-digo da suka fadi a kasa kusa da wanda ya kamu da cutar, da kuma ta hanyar taba wuraren da suka gurbata. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta bayyana a ranar 28 ga Maris, 2020 cewa SARS-CoV-2 ba ta iska ba ce (sai dai idan akwai takamaiman "tsarin likitanci na samar da iskar oxygen") kuma cewa "bayani ne mara tushe" a ce akasin haka.3Wannan shawara ta ci karo da ta masana kimiyya da yawa waɗanda suka bayyana cewa watsawa ta iska zai iya zama babban gudummawa. misali Ref.4-9A tsawon lokaci, WHO ta sassauta wannan ra'ayi a hankali: da farko, ta yarda cewa watsa kwayar cutar ta hanyar iska yana yiwuwa amma ba zai yiwu ba;10sannan, ba tare da wani bayani ba, inganta rawar da iska ke takawa a watan Nuwamba na 2020 don shawo kan yaduwar kwayar cutar (wanda ke da amfani kawai don sarrafa cututtukan da ke cikin iska);11sannan ta ayyana a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2021, cewa watsa SARS-CoV-2 ta hanyar iska yana da mahimmanci (ba tare da amfani da kalmar "airborne" ba).12Duk da cewa wani babban jami'in WHO ya amince a wata hira da manema labarai a wancan lokacin cewa "dalilin da ya sa muke inganta iska shi ne cewa ana iya amfani da wannan kwayar cutar ta iska," sun kuma bayyana cewa sun guji amfani da kalmar "airborne."13A ƙarshe a watan Disamba na 2021, WHO ta sabunta shafi ɗaya a shafinta na yanar gizo don bayyana a sarari cewa watsawa ta iska ta gajeren lokaci da ta dogon lokaci suna da mahimmanci, yayin da kuma ta bayyana a sarari cewa " watsawa ta iska" da " watsawa ta iska" ma'anoni ne.14Duk da haka, banda wannan shafin yanar gizon, bayanin kwayar cutar a matsayin "mai ɗauke da iska" ya ci gaba da kasancewa kusan babu shi a cikin sadarwar jama'a ta WHO har zuwa Maris 2022.
Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi (CDC) a Amurka ta bi hanya iri ɗaya: da farko, ta bayyana mahimmancin yaduwar ɗigon ruwa; sannan, a watan Satumba na 2020, ta buga a shafinta na yanar gizo a takaice cewa ta amince da yaduwar cutar ta iska wanda aka rage kwanaki uku bayan haka;15kuma a ƙarshe, a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2021, na amince cewa shaƙar iska tana da mahimmanci don yaɗuwa.16Duk da haka, CDC sau da yawa tana amfani da kalmar "ɗigon numfashi," wanda galibi ana danganta shi da manyan ɗigon da ke faɗuwa ƙasa da sauri,17don nufin aerosols,18ƙirƙirar babban rudani.19Babu ɗayan ƙungiyoyin da ya nuna canje-canje a taron manema labarai ko manyan kamfen ɗin sadarwa.20A lokacin da ƙungiyoyi biyu suka yi waɗannan ƙananan shigarwar, shaidun da ke nuna cewa an yi amfani da iska wajen yaɗa cutar sun taru, kuma masana kimiyya da likitoci da yawa suna cewa watsa cutar ta iska ba wai kawai hanyar yaɗa cutar ba ce, amma wataƙila hanyar yaɗa cutar ce kawai,rinjayeyanayin.21A watan Agusta na 2021, CDC ta bayyana cewa yaduwar nau'in SARS-CoV-2 na delta ya kusanci na kamuwa da cutar kaji, wata kwayar cuta mai saurin yaɗuwa a iska.22Bambance-bambancen omicron da ya bayyana a ƙarshen 2021 ya bayyana a matsayin ƙwayar cuta mai saurin yaɗuwa, tana nuna yawan haihuwa mai yawa da kuma ɗan gajeren lokaci na lokaci.23
Karɓar shaidar da ke nuna cewa SARS-CoV-2 ta yaɗu ta hanyar iska a hankali da kuma ba tare da wani tsari ba daga manyan ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na jama'a ya taimaka wajen rage tasirin annobar, yayin da fa'idodin matakan kariya daga yaɗuwar cutar ke ƙaruwa sosai.24-26Karɓar wannan shaidar cikin sauri zai ƙarfafa jagororin da za su bambanta ƙa'idodi na cikin gida da waje, mai da hankali sosai kan ayyukan waje, shawarwarin da aka bayar a baya kan abin rufe fuska, ƙara mai da hankali kan dacewa da matattara mafi kyau, da kuma ƙa'idodi don sanya abin rufe fuska a cikin gida ko da lokacin da za a iya kiyaye nisan zamantakewa, samun iska, da tacewa. Karɓar da aka yi a baya zai ba da damar ƙara mai da hankali kan waɗannan matakan, da kuma rage lokaci da kuɗin da aka kashe a kan matakan kamar kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a saman fata da shingen plexiglass na gefe, waɗanda ba su da tasiri ga watsawa ta iska, kuma, a yanayin na ƙarshe, ƙila ma su iya zama masu illa.29,30
Me yasa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suka yi jinkiri haka, kuma me yasa akwai juriya sosai ga canji? Wani takarda da ta gabata ta yi la'akari da batun jarin kimiyya (mutane masu hannu da shuni) daga mahangar zamantakewa.31Guje wa kuɗaɗen da ke da alaƙa da matakan da ake buƙata don sarrafa yaɗuwar iska, kamar ingantattun kayan kariya na mutum (PPE) ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya32da kuma ingantaccen iska33wataƙila sun taka rawa. Wasu sun yi bayanin jinkirin da aka samu dangane da fahimtar haɗarin da ke tattare da na'urorin numfashi na N9532duk da haka, an yi jayayya34ko kuma saboda rashin kyakkyawan tsarin kula da tarin kayan agajin gaggawa wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin abinci a farkon annobar. misali Ref.35
Wani ƙarin bayani da ba a bayar ta waɗannan wallafe-wallafen ba, amma wanda ya yi daidai da bincikensu gaba ɗaya, shi ne cewa jinkirin yin la'akari ko ɗaukar ra'ayin watsa cututtuka ta iska, wani ɓangare ne, saboda kuskuren ra'ayi da aka gabatar sama da ƙarni da suka gabata kuma ya zama ruwan dare a cikin fannoni na kiwon lafiya da rigakafin kamuwa da cuta: ƙa'idar cewa watsa cututtukan numfashi manyan digo ne ke haifar da su, don haka, ƙoƙarin rage digo zai yi kyau. Waɗannan cibiyoyi kuma sun nuna rashin son daidaitawa ko da a gaban shaida, daidai da ka'idojin zamantakewa da ilimin halittu na yadda mutanen da ke iko da cibiyoyi za su iya tsayayya da canji, musamman idan yana barazana ga matsayinsu; yadda tunanin rukuni zai iya aiki, musamman lokacin da mutane ke kare kansu yayin fuskantar ƙalubalen waje; da kuma yadda juyin halittar kimiyya zai iya faruwa ta hanyar sauye-sauyen yanayi, koda kuwa masu kare tsohon yanayin sun ƙi yarda cewa wata ka'ida ta daban tana da goyon baya mafi kyau daga shaidar da ake da ita.36-38Don haka, domin mu fahimci dagewar wannan kuskuren, mun yi ƙoƙarin bincika tarihinsa, da kuma yadda ake yaɗa cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar iska gabaɗaya, da kuma haskaka muhimman abubuwan da suka haifar da ka'idar ɗigon ruwa ta zama ruwan dare.
An samo daga https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/sub-brand/covid-19-icon
Lokacin Saƙo: Satumba-27-2022