Tambayar ko SARS-CoV-2 galibi ana yada shi ta hanyar ɗigogi ko iska ya kasance mai yawan rigima. Mun nemi yin bayanin wannan takaddama ta hanyar nazarin tarihi na binciken watsawa a wasu cututtuka. Ga mafi yawan tarihin ɗan adam, babban abin misali shi ne cewa iska ce ke ɗauke da cututtuka da yawa, sau da yawa a kan nesa mai nisa kuma ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. An kalubalanci wannan yanayin miasmatic a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19 tare da haɓakar ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma kamar yadda cututtuka irin su kwalara, zazzabin cizon sauro, da zazzabin cizon sauro ke yaduwa ta wasu hanyoyi. Sakamakon ra'ayinsa game da mahimmancin kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta, da juriya da ya fuskanta daga ragowar tasirin ka'idar miasma, fitaccen jami'in kula da lafiyar jama'a Charles Chapin a cikin 1910 ya taimaka wajen fara aiwatar da canjin yanayi mai nasara, yana ganin watsawar iska ba zai yiwu ba. Wannan sabon tsarin ya zama rinjaye. Duk da haka, rashin fahimtar aerosols ya haifar da kurakurai na tsari a cikin fassarar shaidar bincike akan hanyoyin watsawa. A cikin shekaru 50 masu zuwa, ana ɗaukar watsa iskar da ba ta da mahimmanci ko ƙaramar mahimmanci ga duk manyan cututtukan numfashi, har sai an nuna yaduwar cutar tarin fuka ta iska (wanda aka yi kuskuren tunanin cewa ɗigon ruwa yana ɗaukarsa) a cikin 1962. Tsarin lamba / droplet ya kasance. rinjaye, kuma wasu tsirarun cututtuka ne kawai aka yarda da su azaman iska kafin COVID-19: waɗanda a bayyane suke yaduwa ga mutanen da ba a cikin ɗaki ɗaya ba. Haɓaka bincike na tsaka-tsaki da aka yi wahayi daga cutar ta COVID-19 ya nuna cewa watsa iska shine babban hanyar watsa wannan cuta, kuma yana iya zama mahimmanci ga yawancin cututtukan numfashi.
Tasirin Aiki
Tun daga farkon ƙarni na 20, an sami juriya don karɓar cewa cututtuka suna yaduwa ta iska, wanda ke da lahani musamman yayin bala'in COVID-19. Babban dalili na wannan juriya ya ta'allaka ne a cikin tarihin fahimtar kimiyya game da watsa cututtuka: Ana tunanin watsawa ta iska shine mafi rinjaye a yawancin tarihin ɗan adam, amma rubutun ya yi nisa sosai a farkon karni na 20. Shekaru da yawa, babu wata cuta mai mahimmanci da aka yi zaton ta kasance iska. Ta hanyar fayyace wannan tarihi da kurakuran da suka samo asali a cikinsa da har yanzu suke ci gaba, muna fatan za mu saukaka ci gaba a wannan fanni a nan gaba.
Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 ta haifar da muhawara mai zafi kan hanyoyin watsa kwayar cutar ta SARS-CoV-2, wacce ta shafi galibi nau'ikan nau'ikan guda uku: Na farko, tasirin ɗigon “sprayborne” akan idanu, hanci, ko baki, wanda in ba haka ba ya faɗi ƙasa. kusa da wanda ya kamu da cutar. Na biyu, ta hanyar tabawa, ko dai ta hanyar tuntuɓar mai cutar kai tsaye, ko kuma a kaikaice ta hanyar saduwa da gurɓataccen wuri (“fomite”) sannan a yi wa kai ta hanyar taɓa cikin idanu, hanci, ko baki. Na uku, bayan shakar iska, wasu daga cikinsu na iya tsayawa a cikin iska har tsawon sa'o'i ("watsawar iska").1,2
Kungiyoyin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da suka hada da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da farko sun bayyana cewa ana yada kwayar cutar a cikin manyan ɗigon ruwa da ke faɗowa ƙasa kusa da wanda ya kamu da cutar, da kuma taɓa gurɓatattun wurare. Hukumar ta WHO ta ba da sanarwar a ranar 28 ga Maris, 2020, cewa SARS-CoV-2 ba ta iska ba ce (sai dai a cikin takamaiman yanayin "hanyoyin samar da iska mai iska") kuma "bayanai ne" in faɗi akasin haka.3Wannan shawarar ta ci karo da na masana kimiyya da yawa waɗanda suka bayyana cewa watsawar iska na iya zama muhimmiyar gudummawa. misali Ref.4-9Bayan lokaci, WHO a hankali ta sassauta wannan ra'ayi: na farko, ta yarda cewa watsa iska yana yiwuwa amma ba zai yiwu ba;10sannan, ba tare da bayani ba, inganta rawar iska a cikin Nuwamba 2020 don sarrafa yaduwar ƙwayar cuta (wanda ke da amfani kawai don sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta na iska);11sannan kuma ayyana a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2021, cewa watsa SARS-CoV-2 ta hanyar iska yana da mahimmanci (yayin da ba a amfani da kalmar “iska”).12Ko da yake wani babban jami'in hukumar ta WHO ya yarda a cikin wata hira da manema labarai a wancan lokacin cewa "dalilin da ya sa muke haɓaka iska shi ne cewa wannan kwayar cutar na iya ɗaukar iska," sun kuma bayyana cewa sun guji amfani da kalmar "iska."13A ƙarshe a cikin Disamba 2021, WHO ta sabunta shafi ɗaya a cikin gidan yanar gizon ta don bayyana a sarari cewa gajeriyar iskar iska tana da mahimmanci, yayin da kuma ta bayyana cewa "watsawar iska" da "watsawar iska" ma'ana ne.14Koyaya, ban da wannan shafin yanar gizon, bayanin kwayar cutar a matsayin "iska" yana ci gaba da kasancewa kusan gaba daya a cikin sadarwar jama'a ta WHO har zuwa Maris 2022.
Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC) a Amurka sun bi hanya madaidaiciya: na farko, bayyana mahimmancin watsa digo; sannan, a cikin watan Satumba na 2020, a takaice ta buga akan gidan yanar gizon ta yarda da watsa iska wanda aka saukar da kwanaki uku bayan haka;15kuma a ƙarshe, a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2021, amincewa da cewa iskar aerosol yana da mahimmanci don watsawa.16Koyaya, CDC akai-akai tana amfani da kalmar “digon numfashi,” gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da manyan ɗigon ruwa waɗanda ke faɗo ƙasa da sauri,17zuwa ga aerosols,18haifar da rudani mai yawa.19Babu wata kungiya da ta nuna sauye-sauye a taron manema labarai ko manyan yakin neman zabe.20Ya zuwa lokacin da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin biyu suka yi ƙayyadaddun shigar da su, shaidun watsawar iska sun taru, kuma masana kimiyya da likitoci da yawa sun bayyana cewa watsa iska ba kawai hanyar watsawa ba ce, amma mai yiwuwarinjayeyanayin.21A cikin watan Agusta 2021, CDC ta bayyana cewa watsawar bambance-bambancen delta SARS-CoV-2 ya kusanci na kashin kaji, ƙwayar cuta mai saurin yaduwa.22Bambancin omicron wanda ya fito a ƙarshen 2021 ya bayyana a matsayin ƙwayar cuta mai saurin yaduwa, yana nuna babban adadin haihuwa da ɗan gajeren tazara.23
Jinkirin da yarda da yarda da shaidar watsa iska ta iska ta SARS-CoV-2 ta manyan kungiyoyin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen kulawar cutar, yayin da fa'idodin matakan kariya daga watsa iskar iska ke samun tushe sosai.24-26Karɓar wannan shaidar da sauri zai ƙarfafa jagororin da suka bambanta dokoki na gida da waje, mai da hankali kan ayyukan waje, shawarwarin da suka gabata don abin rufe fuska, da ƙari da farko a kan mafi kyawun abin rufe fuska da tacewa, da kuma ƙa'idodin sanya abin rufe fuska a cikin gida koda lokacin Ana iya kiyaye nisantar da jama'a, samun iska, da tacewa. Tun da farko yarda zai ba da damar ba da fifiko kan waɗannan matakan, kuma ya rage yawan lokaci da kuɗin da ake kashewa akan matakan kamar lalatawar ƙasa da shingen plexiglass na gefe, waɗanda ba su da tasiri don watsa iska kuma, a cikin yanayin na ƙarshe, na iya zama ma ba su da fa'ida.29,30
Me ya sa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suka kasance a hankali, kuma me ya sa aka sami juriya ga canji? Wata takarda da ta gabata ta yi la'akari da batun babban jarin kimiyya (ma'auni) daga yanayin zamantakewa.31Gujewa farashi mai alaƙa da matakan da ake buƙata don sarrafa watsa iska, kamar ingantattun kayan kariya na sirri (PPE) ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya.32da ingantacciyar iska33watakila ya taka rawa. Wasu kuma sun bayyana jinkirin da aka samu ta fuskar fahimtar hadurran da ke tattare da na’urorin numfashi na N9532wadanda, duk da haka, an yi sabani34ko kuma saboda rashin kulawa da tarin tarin gaggawa da ke haifar da karanci a farkon annobar. misali Ref.35
Wani ƙarin bayani da waɗannan wallafe-wallafen ba su bayar ba, amma wanda ya yi daidai da bincikensu, shi ne cewa jinkirin yin la'akari ko ɗaukar ra'ayin watsa ƙwayoyin cuta ta iska ya kasance, a wani ɓangare, saboda kuskuren tunani da aka gabatar sama da ƙarni da suka wuce. kuma ya zama mai zurfi a cikin fagagen kiwon lafiyar jama'a da rigakafin kamuwa da cuta: akidar cewa watsa cututtuka na numfashi yana haifar da manyan ɗigon ruwa, don haka, ƙoƙarin rage ɗigon ruwa zai yi kyau sosai. Har ila yau, waɗannan cibiyoyi sun nuna rashin son daidaitawa ko da a gaban shaidu, daidai da ka'idodin zamantakewa da ilimin zamani na yadda mutanen da ke kula da cibiyoyi za su iya tsayayya da canji, musamman ma idan yana da alama yana barazana ga matsayinsu; yadda tunanin rukuni zai iya aiki, musamman lokacin da mutane ke yin karewa ta fuskar kalubalen waje; da yadda juyin halitta na kimiyya zai iya faruwa ta hanyar sauye-sauyen yanayi, kamar yadda masu kare tsohon tsarin suka ki yarda da cewa madadin ka'idar yana da mafi kyawun tallafi daga shaidun da ake da su.36-38Don haka, don fahimtar dagewar wannan kuskure, mun nemi bincika tarihinsa, da kuma yadda ake yada cutar ta iska gabaɗaya, tare da haskaka mahimman abubuwan da suka haifar da ka'idar diflomasiyya ta zama mafi rinjaye.
Ku zo daga https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/sub-brand/covid-19-icon
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-27-2022